Iran war: Oil shortages threaten global energy security

The Iran war and the subsequent closure of the Strait of Hormuz — a key waterway through which about 20% of the global oil trade passed before the conflict — have triggered an oil supply shock on a scale unseen in decades. The crunch has sent countries worldwide scrambling for alternatives to fill the lost supply. Many governments, particularly in Asian countries that are heavily dependent on Middle Eastern energy, have also introduced measures to curb fuel demand.

The International Energy Agency (IEA) coordinated a massive release of oil reserves in March — about 400 million barrels — from the emergency stockpiles of industrialized countries. The move was aimed at ensuring adequate supply and stabilizing crude prices. Before the war, global crude oil markets were in surplus. Major economies built up vast strategic reserves , with the largest stockpiles globally held by China, the United States, and Japan. As of December 2025, China had nearly 1.4 billion barrels in its inventories, including both commercial and government-held reserves, according to US Energy Information Administration (EIA) data. The US maintained around 413 million barrels in its Strategic Petroleum Reserve, and a further 411 million barrels of commercial crude oil inventories. Japan held the third-largest strategic oil inventories, with about 263 million barrels in government-controlled reserves alone. EU countries, meanwhile, are required by law to maintain emergency stocks equal to at least 90 days of net imports or 61 days of consumption. The bloc's nations contributed roughly 20% of the 400 million barrels released as part of the IEA-coordinated move, with Germany releasing 19.5 million barrels, then France (14.6), Spain (11.6) and Italy (10). India held around 21 million barrels in its strategic reserves, according to the US EIA. They currently provide coverage of about 9.5 days of net oil imports, according to S&P Global. But coverage rises to about 74 days when factoring in reserves held by state-run oil firms.

Key points

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) coordinated a massive release of oil reserves in March — about 400 million barrels — from the emergency stockpiles of industrialized countries.
• The move was aimed at ensuring adequate supply and stabilizing crude prices.
• Before the war, global crude oil markets were in surplus.
• Major economies built up vast strategic reserves , with the largest stockpiles globally held by China, the United States, and Japan.
• As of December 2025, China had nearly 1.4 billion barrels in its inventories, including both commercial and government-held reserves, according to US Energy Information Administration (EIA) data.